A Closed Loop Neural Activity Triggered Stroke Rehabilitation Device

Inclusion Criteria (Experimental Group):

* Stroke patients with persistent upper extremity (UE) deficits

Inclusion Criteria (Control Group 1)

* Stroke patients without UE impairments
* Participants with risk factors for stroke
* healthy controls

  * No known neurologic, psychiatric or developmental disability

Inclusion Criteria (Control Group 2)

* Stroke patients with persistent upper extremity (UE) deficits
* Moderate upper extremity (dominant right hand affected) impairment (score of 1 or 2 on the motor sub-component of the NIH stroke scale (NIHSS) and ARAT score 20-45)
* No upper extremity injury or conditions that limited use prior to the stroke
* Pre-stroke independence with a Modified Rankin Score of 0 or 1, for the standard FES only intervention.

Exclusion Criteria (for all participants):

* Allergic to electrode gel, surgical tape and metals
* Participants under treatment for infectious diseases or having apparent oral lesions or inflammation will be excluded from the study
* Women who are pregnant or may become pregnant during the course of the study will be excluded
* Participants with contraindications for MRI will be offered the opportunity to participate in the interventions study only (e.g. EEG-BCI-FES and behavioral testing)

Exclusion Criteria (for healthy controls)

* Contraindications for MRI
* Allergic to electrode gel, surgical tape, and metals.