Pancreas Ultrasound Imaging in type1 Diabetes

All Participants:

Inclusion Criteria:

* Male or non-pregnant female age 18-65
* Ability and willingness of patient to participate fully in all aspects of this clinical study
* Written informed consent obtained and documented

Exclusion Criteria:

* Excessive body size preventing effective scan of the pancreas as determined by sonographer
* Evidence of exocrine pancreatic disease, including pancreatitis, cystic fibrosis, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, or neuroendocrine tumor.
* Subjects who are pregnant or breast-feeding
* Subjects incapable of giving assent/informed written consent
* Known or suspected hypersensitivity to perflutren
* Known history or suspected unstable cardiopulmonary conditions (acute myocardial infarction, acute coronary artery syndromes, worsening or unstable congestive heart failure, or serious ventricular arrhythmias)

Group 2 (control subjects, part II):

Inclusion criteria:

No additional inclusion criteria

Exclusion criteria:

* Diagnosis of diabetes according to the ADA recommended criteria (blood glucose and HbA1c will be measured)
* Use of medications used to control high blood sugar (GLP1R agonists, metformin\*, sulfonylureas)

  * \*Participants taking metformin will be considered eligible if they are willing/able to stop taking the medication for at least two weeks prior to each scan.
* Any person who has received immunomodulatory intervention within 3 months of enrollment

Group 3 (T1D subjects, part II)

Inclusion criteria:

* Diagnosis of diabetes according to the ADA recommended criteria (blood glucose and HbA1c will be measured)
* Evidence of autoantibodies to at least 1 of the following β-cell autoantigens:

insulin, IA-2, GAD65, ZnT8

* Presence of insulin autoantibody will only be valid if taken within the first 14 days of diagnosis.

  * Diagnosis of diabetes within 180 days prior to participation in the study

Exclusion criteria:

* Use of medications used to control high blood sugar (GLP1R agonists, metformin\*, sulfonylureas)

  * \*Participants taking metformin will be considered eligible if they are willing/able to stop taking the medication for at least two weeks prior to each scan.
* Any person who has received immunomodulatory intervention within 3 months of enrollment