Growth Hormone Resistance of Beta-cells in People With a Family History of Type 2 Diabetes

Inclusion Criteria:

* 18 to 59 years old
* body mass index ≥30.0 kg/m2 and \<45.0 kg/m2

Additional, group-specific inclusion criteria:

* Family history of type 2 diabetes: first degree relative with type 2 diabetes
* Control group: no family history of type 2 diabetes

Exclusion Criteria:

* Pregnant, planning to become pregnant during the study, or breastfeeding
* Current diagnosis or history of type 1 or type 2 diabetes
* Use of medications that can impact the study outcomes (e.g., GLP-1 receptor agonists)
* History of bariatric surgery
* Known, uncontrolled hypothyroidism
* History of intracranial hypertension, including papilledema, or a condition that increases the risk of developing intracranial hypertension, such as Turner Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, or renal impairment
* Current cancer or cancer that has been in remission less than 5 years
* First degree relative with type 1 diabetes diagnosis
* Evidence of significant anemia or significant end organ dysfunction (e.g., liver, kidney, heart disease)
* Alcohol use disorder, use of controlled substances, or smoking \>2 cigarettes per day
* Greater than 3% weight loss within three months of screening or engaged in regular (≥3 days per week), continuous moderate- or high-intensity exercise of ≥30 min duration
* Mentally disabled persons, prisoners, and persons with inability to grant voluntary informed consent