Bite Force Measurements

Inclusion Criteria:

* Individuals who present for
* a lower 1st or 2nd molar filling in an otherwise healthy tooth, i.e., does not have large decay that has already infected the nerve of the tooth, or there is increased mobility due to gum disease or a root canal treatment on a lower molar tooth and there is no history of injury to the tooth, or
* a lower molar root canal treatment, and
* are 18 years or older
* capable of providing informed consent, are eligible to participate in the study, as long as they satisfy the criteria below.
* The opposing tooth is present, symptom-free and has adequate tooth structure that allows it to make contact with the tooth it bites against, and
* are English-speaking

Exclusion Criteria:

* Any patient, even if satisfying the criteria above, may not take part if any of the below is true:
* Compromised ability to guard their self-interest, for e.g., prisoners, children, pregnant women, patients with intellectual/cognitive disability are not enrolled in the study.
* Take prescription pain medications for long-standing health conditions
* Addiction/ substance dependence
* Swelling that extends beyond the tooth in question
* Are already taking an antibiotic to treat an infection/swelling
* Missing complementary molar on the same or opposite side of the mouth
* Missing more than 2 teeth in a quadrant (other than 3rd molars)
* Any other molar in the pair either on the side of the tooth of interest or the molar pair on the other side is painful to biting pressure or upon 'tapping' the tooth with the handle of the mouth mirror
* The patient has taken a pain medication within the last 6 hours