BiOfeedback, Online for Sibilant Treatment

Inclusion Criteria:

* Age between 8;0 and 17;11 years at the time of enrollment
* English as the dominant language (must have begun learning English by age 3, per parent report)
* Passes pure-tone hearing screening at 30 dB hearing level
* Passes brief examination of oral structure and function
* Less than 30% accuracy, based on consensus across 2 trained listeners, on a probe list eliciting fricative /s, z/ in various phonetic contexts at the word level
* No more than 3 sounds other than /s/ in error on the Goldman-Fristoe Test of Articulation-3 (GFTA-3)
* Diagnosis of ADHD, learning disability, dyslexia, or neurodiversity is admissible if participant meets cutoff scores on evaluation day 1
* History of CAS is admissible if participant meets cutoff scores on evaluation day 1
* Braces and removable retainers are admissible
* Access to a laptop or desktop computer and a quiet space for study sessions

Exclusion Criteria:

* Scaled score of 7 or higher on the Recalling Sentences and Formulated Sentences subtests of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals-5 (CELF-5)
* History of permanent hearing loss (temporary hearing loss due to otitis media, including recurrent OM/tubes, is admissible)
* History of developmental disorder (e.g., Down syndrome, cerebral palsy)
* History of major brain injury, surgery, or stroke in the past year (mild concussion is admissible)
* Active diagnosis of epilepsy or other neurological disorder (permissible if well-controlled for at least 6 months)
* Current diagnosis of voice or fluency disorder
* Current presence of orthodontia that crosses the palate (braces and removable retainers are admissible)
* Lack of access to a laptop or desktop computer and a quiet space for study sessions