Intraoperative Neuromonitoring (IONM) and Bipolar Electrocautery (BE) During Axillary Lymph Node Dissection (ALND)

Inclusion Criteria:

1. Patients ages 18-70 years old.
2. Pathologically confirmed diagnosis of breast cancer.
3. Undergoing ALND by one of the breast surgeon Sub-Investigators on this study.

Exclusion Criteria:

1. Patients having any previous axillary surgery other than percutaneous breast biopsy and/or SLNB.
2. Prior breast radiation with neuropathy clearly developing after radiation.
3. Patients who have undergone prior chemotherapy and developed post-chemotherapy neuropathy prior to ALND.
4. Patients with any pre-existing neurological conditions affecting nerves, such as neuropathy (peripheral neuropathy, neuropathic pain or nerve injury to upper extremity).
5. Patients taking medications that are known to modify neuropathic pain (eg, gabapentin, pregabalin, duloxetine, venlafaxine, lidocaine patches, capsaicin, opioids, tramadol, NMDA receptor antagonists, clonidine, cannabis, botox).
6. Patients with prior spinal surgery or spinal pathology (cervical spinal stenosis or cervical radiculopathy).
7. Patients with limb-dysfunction.
8. Patients with demyelinating disease.
9. Patients with significant co-morbidities (clotting disorders on anticoagulation, cardiac issues, other conditions that could impact long-term follow-up).
10. Patients that present with pre-operative breast, arm or chest pain ipsilateral to anticipated ALND.
11. Patients who have had prior procedures where IONM failed intraoperatively.
12. Presence of parietal cortical lesion.