Gut, Immune, and Vascular Health in Metabolically Healthy Obesity

Inclusion Criteria:

* 18-55 years old.
* BMI is 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 or \>30kg/m2 (part 1). BMI \> 30 kg/m2 (part 2)
* Not pregnant or expecting to become pregnant (females only).
* Not postmenopausal (females only).
* Have 0-1 risk factors based on blood pressure, blood sugar, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol ("good cholesterol").
* Have not been diagnosed with an advanced cardiometabolic condition (e.g., cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes).
* Have not been diagnosed with a chronic inflammatory or gastrointestinal condition (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease).
* Do not regularly take anti-inflammatory drugs (more than 2x week) or are able to temporarily suspend use of anti-inflammatory drugs three days prior to the study visit.
* Have not taken antibiotics or probiotics in the last month.
* Do not use lipid-lowering drugs (e.g., statins), glucose-lowering drugs (e.g., metformin), or anti-hypertensive drugs.
* Do not use weight-loss drugs (e.g., Ozempic, Wegovy).
* Have not had any surgery that alters the stomach/gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastric sleeve, gastric bypass).
* Do not use tobacco products or any illicit drugs.
* Do not have a pacemaker.
* Do not have dietary restrictions prohibiting consumption of the provided meal (e.g., vegan/vegetarian diets, gluten-free diet, relevant food allergies).
* Able to stay in the supine position in the dark for at least 10 minutes (related to vascular measurements)

Exclusion Criteria:

* Not 18-55 years old.
* BMI is not 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 or \>30kg/m2 (part 1). BMI is not \> 30 kg/m2 (part 2)
* Pregnant or expecting to become pregnant (females only).
* Postmenopausal (females only).
* Do not have 0-1 risk factors based on blood pressure, blood sugar, triglycerides, and HDL-cholesterol ("good cholesterol").
* Have been diagnosed with an advanced cardiometabolic condition (e.g., cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes).
* Have been diagnosed with a chronic inflammatory or gastrointestinal condition (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease).
* Regularly take anti-inflammatory drugs (more than 2x week) or are unable to temporarily suspend use of anti-inflammatory drugs three days prior to the study visit.
* Have taken antibiotics or probiotics in the last month.
* Use lipid-lowering drugs (e.g., statins), glucose-lowering drugs (e.g., metformin), or anti-hypertensive drugs.
* Use weight-loss drugs (e.g., Ozempic, Wegovy).
* Have had any surgery that alters the stomach/gastrointestinal tract (e.g., gastric sleeve, gastric bypass).
* Use tobacco products or any illicit drugs.
* Have a pacemaker.
* Have dietary restrictions prohibiting consumption of the provided meal (e.g., vegan/vegetarian diets, gluten-free diet, relevant food allergies).
* Not able to stay in the supine position in the dark for at least 10 minutes (related to vascular measurements)