Phenotyping Genetic Risk for Type 2 Diabetes

Inclusion Criteria:

* Age 10-70 years
* Prior participant of the UPenn Biobank or Center for Applied Genomics Biobank and agreed to be recontacted for future research.
* Adults with BMI 25kg/m2 or higher, children and adolescents with BMI 85th percentile or higher

Exclusion Criteria:

* prior diagnosis of type 1, type 2, or secondary diabetes
* use of medications that would impact glucose and insulin response such as steroids, metformin or other anti-diabetic medication
* acute illness that may impact insulin and glucose dynamics
* pregnancy
* hypothalamic obesity or related genetic disorder of metabolism
* recent systemic chemotherapy use
* gastrointestinal impairment or surgery that may impact absorption
* anemia
* major organ system illness or any underlying condition requiring regular medication or treatment that could make implementation of the protocol or interpretation of the study results difficult
* inability to comply with study protocol