Neural Mechanisms of Interpersonal Expectations on Negative Affect

Inclusion Criteria:

'Doctors' are recruited from medical students at the Geisel School of Medicine and resident physicians at Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center (DHMC).

Exclusion Criteria:

* No self-reported current or history of depression, bipolar disorder, or other psychiatric diagnosis
* No self-reported current seizure disorder (i.e., seizure within past 10 years), or history of stroke or other major neurological diagnosis that can cause cognitive impairment
* No self-reported current chronic pain, or acute pain within three months of the study period
* No current migraine disorder (i.e., 15 headache days or more in 1 month)
* No use of central nervous system-effective medication or other medication for neurological/psychiatric treatment
* No self-reported substance abuse within the last six months
* No contraindication to MRI or tTIS (e.g., pregnancy, claustrophobia, pacemakers, ear/cochlear implants, shrapnel injuries, clips, or other ferromagnetic/electrical objects/devices, diagnosed brain abnormality such as tumor, or skin lesions on the scalp.)
* No contraindications for induced pain (e.g., no heart disease, high blood pressure, heart surgery, heart problems of any kind, severe asthma, respiratory problems of any kind, fibromyalgia, Raynaud's Syndrome or Disease, chronic pain, diabetes)
* Participants must be capable of performing experimental tasks (e.g., are able to read), are fluent or native speakers of English
* Participants must be able to tolerate the maximum level of thermal pain stimuli (for thermal stimuli)