Cerebral Physiology of NOWS

Inclusion Criteria:

Infants with prenatal opioid exposure:

* Term born or near-term born (\> 36w) infants
* Birth weight \> 2 Kg
* History of prenatal opioid exposure

Control infants:

* Term born or near-term born (\> 36w) infants
* Birth weight \> 2 Kg

Mothers of infants with prenatal opioid exposure:

* greater or equal to 19 years of age
* Use of opioid substances during pregnancy - Defined as pregnant women who 1) are clinically diagnosed as having an opioid use disorder and are on methadone or buprenorphine maintenance program or 2) have a urine drug test positive for prescribed or illicit opioids

Mothers of control infants:

* greater than or equal to 19 years of age

Exclusion Criteria:

Infants with prenatal opioid exposure:

* APGAR score at 5 min \< 7
* Any major congenital malformations or genetic syndromes
* Need for positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room

Control infants:

* APGAR score at 5 min \< 7
* Any major congenital malformations or genetic syndromes
* Need for positive pressure ventilation in the delivery room
* Any history of prenatal opioid exposure

Mothers of infants with prenatal opioid exposure:

* Major maternal illness during pregnancy or delivery that could impact infant cerebral perfusion as deemed by the study investigators (e.g. uterine rupture or preeclampsia)

Mothers of control infants:

* Major maternal illness during pregnancy or delivery that could impact infant cerebral perfusion as deemed by the study investigators (e.g. uterine rupture or preeclampsia)
* Tobacco, SSRI or any opioid use during pregnancy